This thesis provides a unique register-specific description of metaphor use in conversation that results from a corpus-based, cross-register comparison between conversation, fiction, academic writing and news texts. Which type of metaphor is typical of conversation can only be established in comparison to other registers. The type of metaphor used varies per register, from extensive analogies to a single word and from novel comparisons to conventional expressions. Although metaphor is often associated with creative, complex and rhetorical texts (such as fiction, poetry, or speeches), metaphors are actually a characteristic feature of everyday discourse. When people make conversation they use all kinds of devices to convey their messages, including metaphor. The paper ends with a summary of a number of further issues which have come to be highlighted in relation to specific types of metaphors, or in relation to particular perspectives on the classification of metaphor types (§ 5). After this discussion, these typologies of metaphor are placed in a larger framework explaining the variation between them (§ 4). Section 3, which forms the greater part of this paper, discusses a number of different classifications of metaphor. In section 2, the variation between major types of linguistic approaches to metaphor will cursorily be looked at.
below), albeit not often in a comprehensive manner.
This paper focuses on the first aspect, since extensive treatments of the different ways in which metaphors can be classified are relatively rare in the literature on metaphor, while distinctions and relations between theoretical frameworks have often been highlighted (cf. the definition and explanation of metaphor as a linguistic process. the recognition and classification of different categories of metaphors as linguistic expressions and (ii) theories of metaphor, i.e. In the linguistic study of metaphor as a whole, two general aspects are important: (i) types of metaphors, i.e. This paper focuses on the conception of metaphor in linguistics (the primary theoretical niche of the Handbook of Pragmatics), and, to a lesser extent, philosophical theories of metaphor (philosophy being the first field in which metaphor came to be looked at).
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